作者 | beyondma
本文精选自 CSDN 博客，已获作者授权
最近 V 语言在千呼万唤之后，终于迎来开源，并正式发布了首个可用版本。其一经推出，便强势登顶GitHub的榜首，引来各方热议。目前V已经可以实现自我编译迭代，笔者大致了解了一下V语言，主要有如下一些特性：
-
快速编译：V的CPU核心每秒编译约120万行代码；V也可以调用C，编译速度下降到≈100k行/秒/CPU；
-
安全策略：没有空；没有全局变量（意味着变量都是在函数体中声明）；没有未定义的行为；
-
性能：和C一样快，操作C没有任何成本，不支持运行时反射，编译器只有400K，整个语言及其标准库都小于400kb；V目前是用V写的，你可以在0.4秒内完成（到今年年底，这个数字将降至≈0.15秒）；
-
强大的图形能力：支持在GDI+/Cocoa绘图之上的跨平台绘图库，以及一个基于OpenGL的图形库，以支持加载复杂的三维对象与纹理。
由于曾经做过一段时间的DIRECTX的开发，V语言对于图形能力的特性宣传最吸引笔者的注意。所以我到其官网及Github上学习了一下相关内容，按照编译运行了一下俄罗斯方块的例程，接下来向大家做一下分享。
安装V语言
如果只是HELLO WORLD程序是非常简单的，只需要按照https://vlang.io官网的标准步骤来执行即可。而如果使用其图形处理能力笔者目前只在UBANTU平台测试成功——下面均是以UBANTU为例来说明。
首先将整个项目克隆下来，再make即可：
git clone https://github.com/vlang/v cd v make
cd v
make
如果报curl command not found，则执行以下命令安装curl：
sudo apt install curl
接下来再建立软链接：
sudo ln -s /home/machao/v/v /usr/local/bin/v
然后运行v就能进到v语言的命令行了。而如果要运行俄罗斯方块还需要以下这些库的支持：
sudo apt install libglfw3 libglfw3-dev libfreetype6-dev libcurl3-dev
运行俄罗斯方块
接下来cd tetris，进入到俄罗斯方块的目录，先使用gedit tetris.v。来看一下v语言的代码样例，其主要部分如下：
fn main() { glfw.init()//实始化类 mut game := &Game{gg: 0} // TODO game.parse_tetros() game.init_game() mut window := glfw.create_window(glfw.WinCfg { width: WinWidth height: WinHeight title: 'V Tetris' ptr: game // glfw user pointer }) window.make_context_current() window.onkeydown(key_down)//注册事件 gg.init() game.gg = gg.new_context(gg.Cfg { width: WinWidth height: WinHeight use_ortho: true // This is needed for 2D drawing }) go game.run() // Run the game loop in a new thread gl.clear() // For some reason this is necessary to avoid an intial flickering gl.clear_color(255, 255, 255, 255) for { gl.clear() gl.clear_color(255, 255, 255, 255) game.draw_scene() window.swap_buffers() glfw.wait_events() if window.should_close() { window.destroy() glfw.terminate() exit(0) } }}fn (g mut Game) move_right(dx int) { // Reached left/right edge or another tetro? for i := 0; i < TetroSize; i++ { tetro := g.tetro[i] y := tetro.y + g.pos_y x := tetro.x + g.pos_x + dx row := g.field[y] if row[x] != 0 { // Do not move return } } g.pos_x += dx}fn (g mut Game) delete_completed_lines() { for y := FieldHeight; y >= 1; y-- { g.delete_completed_line(y) }}fn (g mut Game) delete_completed_line(y int) { for x := 1; x <= FieldWidth; x++ { f := g.field[y] if f[x] == 0 { return } } // Move everything down by 1 position for yy := y - 1; yy >= 1; yy-- { for x := 1; x <= FieldWidth; x++ { mut a := g.field[yy + 1] mut b := g.field[yy] a[x] = b[x] } }}// Place a new tetro on topfn (g mut Game) generate_tetro() { g.pos_y = 0 g.pos_x = FieldWidth / 2 - TetroSize / 2 g.tetro_idx = rand.next(BTetros.len) g.rotation_idx = 0 g.get_tetro()}// Get the right tetro from cachefn (g mut Game) get_tetro() { idx := g.tetro_idx * TetroSize * TetroSize + g.rotation_idx * TetroSize g.tetro = g.tetros_cache.slice(idx, idx + TetroSize)}fn (g mut Game) drop_tetro() { for i := 0; i < TetroSize; i++ { tetro := g.tetro[i] x := tetro.x + g.pos_x y := tetro.y + g.pos_y // Remember the color of each block // TODO: g.field[y][x] = g.tetro_idx + 1 mut row := g.field[y] row[x] = g.tetro_idx + 1 }}fn (g &Game) draw_tetro() { for i := 0; i < TetroSize; i++ { tetro := g.tetro[i] g.draw_block(g.pos_y + tetro.y, g.pos_x + tetro.x, g.tetro_idx + 1) }}fn (g &Game) draw_block(i, j, color_idx int) { g.gg.draw_rect((j - 1) * BlockSize, (i - 1) * BlockSize, BlockSize - 1, BlockSize - 1, Colors[color_idx])}fn (g &Game) draw_field() { for i := 1; i < FieldHeight + 1; i++ { for j := 1; j < FieldWidth + 1; j++ { f := g.field[i] if f[j] > 0 { g.draw_block(i, j, f[j]) } } }}fn (g &Game) draw_scene() { g.draw_tetro() g.draw_field()}fn parse_binary_tetro(t int) []Block { res := [Block{} ; 4] mut cnt := 0 horizontal := t == 9// special case for the horizontal line for i := 0; i <= 3; i++ { // Get ith digit of t p := int(math.pow(10, 3 - i)) mut digit := int(t / p) t %= p // Convert the digit to binary for j := 3; j >= 0; j-- { bin := digit % 2 digit /= 2 if bin == 1 || (horizontal && i == TetroSize - 1) { // TODO: res[cnt].x = j // res[cnt].y = i mut point := &res[cnt] point.x = j point.y = i cnt++ } } } return res}// TODO: this exposes the unsafe C interface, clean upfn key_down(wnd voidptr, key, code, action, mods int) { if action != 2 && action != 1 { return } // Fetch the game object stored in the user pointer mut game := &Game(glfw.get_window_user_pointer(wnd)) switch key { case glfw.KEY_ESCAPE: glfw.set_should_close(wnd, true) case glfw.KeyUp: // Rotate the tetro game.rotation_idx++ if game.rotation_idx == TetroSize { game.rotation_idx = 0 } game.get_tetro() if game.pos_x < 0 { game.pos_x = 1 } case glfw.KeyLeft: game.move_right(-1) case glfw.KeyRight: game.move_right(1) case glfw.KeyDown: game.move_tetro() // drop faster when the player presses }}//实始化类
mut game := &Game{gg: 0} // TODO
game.parse_tetros()
game.init_game()
mut window := glfw.create_window(glfw.WinCfg {
width: WinWidth
height: WinHeight
title: 'V Tetris'
ptr: game // glfw user pointer
})
window.make_context_current()
window.onkeydown(key_down)//注册事件
gg.init()
game.gg = gg.new_context(gg.Cfg {
width: WinWidth
height: WinHeight
use_ortho: true // This is needed for 2D drawing
})
go game.run() // Run the game loop in a new thread
gl.clear() // For some reason this is necessary to avoid an intial flickering
gl.clear_color(255, 255, 255, 255)
for {
gl.clear()
gl.clear_color(255, 255, 255, 255)
game.draw_scene()
window.swap_buffers()
glfw.wait_events()
if window.should_close() {
window.destroy()
glfw.terminate()
exit(0)
}
}
}
fn (g mut Game) move_right(dx int) {
// Reached left/right edge or another tetro?
for i := 0; i < TetroSize; i++ {
tetro := g.tetro[i]
y := tetro.y + g.pos_y
x := tetro.x + g.pos_x + dx
row := g.field[y]
if row[x] != 0 {
// Do not move
return
}
}
g.pos_x += dx
}
fn (g mut Game) delete_completed_lines() {
for y := FieldHeight; y >= 1; y-- {
g.delete_completed_line(y)
}
}
fn (g mut Game) delete_completed_line(y int) {
for x := 1; x <= FieldWidth; x++ {
f := g.field[y]
if f[x] == 0 {
return
}
}
// Move everything down by 1 position
for yy := y - 1; yy >= 1; yy-- {
for x := 1; x <= FieldWidth; x++ {
mut a := g.field[yy + 1]
mut b := g.field[yy]
a[x] = b[x]
}
}
}
// Place a new tetro on top
fn (g mut Game) generate_tetro() {
g.pos_y = 0
g.pos_x = FieldWidth / 2 - TetroSize / 2
g.tetro_idx = rand.next(BTetros.len)
g.rotation_idx = 0
g.get_tetro()
}
// Get the right tetro from cache
fn (g mut Game) get_tetro() {
idx := g.tetro_idx * TetroSize * TetroSize + g.rotation_idx * TetroSize
g.tetro = g.tetros_cache.slice(idx, idx + TetroSize)
}
fn (g mut Game) drop_tetro() {
for i := 0; i < TetroSize; i++ {
tetro := g.tetro[i]
x := tetro.x + g.pos_x
y := tetro.y + g.pos_y
// Remember the color of each block
// TODO: g.field[y][x] = g.tetro_idx + 1
mut row := g.field[y]
row[x] = g.tetro_idx + 1
}
}
fn (g &Game) draw_tetro() {
for i := 0; i < TetroSize; i++ {
tetro := g.tetro[i]
g.draw_block(g.pos_y + tetro.y, g.pos_x + tetro.x, g.tetro_idx + 1)
}
}
fn (g &Game) draw_block(i, j, color_idx int) {
g.gg.draw_rect((j - 1) * BlockSize, (i - 1) * BlockSize,
BlockSize - 1, BlockSize - 1, Colors[color_idx])
}
fn (g &Game) draw_field() {
for i := 1; i < FieldHeight + 1; i++ {
for j := 1; j < FieldWidth + 1; j++ {
f := g.field[i]
if f[j] > 0 {
g.draw_block(i, j, f[j])
}
}
}
}
fn (g &Game) draw_scene() {
g.draw_tetro()
g.draw_field()
}
fn parse_binary_tetro(t int) []Block {
res := [Block{} ; 4]
mut cnt := 0
horizontal := t == 9// special case for the horizontal line
for i := 0; i <= 3; i++ {
// Get ith digit of t
p := int(math.pow(10, 3 - i))
mut digit := int(t / p)
t %= p
// Convert the digit to binary
for j := 3; j >= 0; j-- {
bin := digit % 2
digit /= 2
if bin == 1 || (horizontal && i == TetroSize - 1) {
// TODO: res[cnt].x = j
// res[cnt].y = i
mut point := &res[cnt]
point.x = j
point.y = i
cnt++
}
}
}
return res
}
// TODO: this exposes the unsafe C interface, clean up
fn key_down(wnd voidptr, key, code, action, mods int) {
if action != 2 && action != 1 {
return
}
// Fetch the game object stored in the user pointer
mut game := &Game(glfw.get_window_user_pointer(wnd))
switch key {
case glfw.KEY_ESCAPE:
glfw.set_should_close(wnd, true)
case glfw.KeyUp:
// Rotate the tetro
game.rotation_idx++
if game.rotation_idx == TetroSize {
game.rotation_idx = 0
}
game.get_tetro()
if game.pos_x < 0 {
game.pos_x = 1
}
case glfw.KeyLeft:
game.move_right(-1)
case glfw.KeyRight:
game.move_right(1)
case glfw.KeyDown:
game.move_tetro() // drop faster when the player presses
我们看到这个程序是在这行代码window.onkeydown(key_down)来进行事件注册的，其渲染是在draw_scene函数进行渲染的。
使用v run tetris.v命令就能看到以下的效果了。左边是debug窗口，右边是程序效果：
后面笔者还会继续关注V语言的发展，为大家带来第一手的教程分享。
CSDN博客原文：https://blog.csdn.net/BEYONDMA/article/details/94349691，欢迎大家入驻 CSDN 博客。
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